Braves Today: An Atlanta Braves Podcast

Appeal to authority

Citing an expert or institution to support a claim, substituting their credibility for evidence you can evaluate yourself. Legitimate when the authority is relevant; manipulative when they aren't qualified or when the citation is vague.

Argumentum ad verecundiam (Locke, 1690); Cialdini's Authority principle (1984)

Moral framing

Presenting a complex issue with genuine tradeoffs as a simple choice between right and wrong. Once something is framed as a moral issue, compromise feels like complicity and disagreement feels immoral rather than reasonable.

Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory; Lakoff's framing research (2004)

Moral outrage

Provoking a sense that something is deeply unfair or wrong, activating a feeling that demands action — sharing, protesting, punishing — before you've fully evaluated the situation. It's one of the most viral emotions online because it combines anger with righteousness.

Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory (2004); Brady et al. (2017, PNAS)

Pathos

Appealing to your emotions — fear, joy, anger, sadness — to make an argument feel compelling. Rather than persuading through evidence, it works by putting you in an emotional state where you're more receptive. The emotion becomes the proof.

Aristotle's Rhetoric; Kahneman's System 1 processing