André Duqum

Anchoring

Presenting an extreme number or claim first so everything after seems reasonable by comparison. The first piece of information becomes your reference point — even when it's arbitrary or deliberately inflated. Works even when you know the anchor is irrelevant.

Tversky & Kahneman's anchoring heuristic (1974)

Appeal to authority

Citing an expert or institution to support a claim, substituting their credibility for evidence you can evaluate yourself. Legitimate when the authority is relevant; manipulative when they aren't qualified or when the citation is vague.

Argumentum ad verecundiam (Locke, 1690); Cialdini's Authority principle (1984)

Association

Pairing a new idea, product, or person with something you already feel positively or negatively about. The goal is to transfer your existing emotional response without any logical connection. It works below conscious awareness.

Evaluative conditioning (Pavlov); IPA 'Transfer' technique (1937)

Confirmation appeal

Selectively presenting information that confirms what you probably already believe. Content that matches your existing worldview requires almost no mental effort to accept — it just feels obviously true.

Wason (1960); Nickerson's confirmation bias review (1998)

Direct appeal

Explicitly telling you what to do — subscribe, donate, vote, share. Unlike subtler techniques, it works through clarity and urgency. Most effective when preceded by emotional buildup that makes the action feel like a natural next step.

Compliance literature (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004); foot-in-the-door (Freedman & Fraser, 1966)