André Duqum

Confirmation appeal

AI detected as: Pseudoscience-branding

Selectively presenting information that confirms what you probably already believe. Content that matches your existing worldview requires almost no mental effort to accept — it just feels obviously true.

Wason (1960); Nickerson's confirmation bias review (1998)

Appeal to authority

AI detected as: Authority Bundling

Citing an expert or institution to support a claim, substituting their credibility for evidence you can evaluate yourself. Legitimate when the authority is relevant; manipulative when they aren't qualified or when the citation is vague.

Argumentum ad verecundiam (Locke, 1690); Cialdini's Authority principle (1984)

Association

AI detected as: Lifestyle Association

Pairing a new idea, product, or person with something you already feel positively or negatively about. The goal is to transfer your existing emotional response without any logical connection. It works below conscious awareness.

Evaluative conditioning (Pavlov); IPA 'Transfer' technique (1937)

Direct appeal

Explicitly telling you what to do — subscribe, donate, vote, share. Unlike subtler techniques, it works through clarity and urgency. Most effective when preceded by emotional buildup that makes the action feel like a natural next step.

Compliance literature (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004); foot-in-the-door (Freedman & Fraser, 1966)

In-group/Out-group framing

AI detected as: Pseudo-scientific Framing Of Metaphysical Claims

Leveraging your tendency to automatically trust information from "our people" and distrust outsiders. Once groups are established, people apply different standards of evidence depending on who is speaking.

Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979); Cialdini's Unity principle (2016)

Responsibility reframing

AI detected as: Narrative Reframing

Reframing a situation so the person who caused harm appears to be the real victim, and the actual victim appears responsible. It forces observers to reconsider who deserves sympathy, distracting from the original wrongdoing.

Freyd's DARVO framework (1997) — Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender

Anchoring

Presenting an extreme number or claim first so everything after seems reasonable by comparison. The first piece of information becomes your reference point — even when it's arbitrary or deliberately inflated. Works even when you know the anchor is irrelevant.

Tversky & Kahneman's anchoring heuristic (1974)

Confirmation appeal

Selectively presenting information that confirms what you probably already believe. Content that matches your existing worldview requires almost no mental effort to accept — it just feels obviously true.

Wason (1960); Nickerson's confirmation bias review (1998)

Appeal to authority

Citing an expert or institution to support a claim, substituting their credibility for evidence you can evaluate yourself. Legitimate when the authority is relevant; manipulative when they aren't qualified or when the citation is vague.

Argumentum ad verecundiam (Locke, 1690); Cialdini's Authority principle (1984)

Association

Pairing a new idea, product, or person with something you already feel positively or negatively about. The goal is to transfer your existing emotional response without any logical connection. It works below conscious awareness.

Evaluative conditioning (Pavlov); IPA 'Transfer' technique (1937)

In-group/Out-group framing

Leveraging your tendency to automatically trust information from "our people" and distrust outsiders. Once groups are established, people apply different standards of evidence depending on who is speaking.

Social Identity Theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979); Cialdini's Unity principle (2016)

Responsibility reframing

Reframing a situation so the person who caused harm appears to be the real victim, and the actual victim appears responsible. It forces observers to reconsider who deserves sympathy, distracting from the original wrongdoing.

Freyd's DARVO framework (1997) — Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender